Three Theoretical Approaches to Sociology - 1326 Words

3 Major Theoretical Approaches to Sociology Functionalism (a.k.a. Structural Functionalism, Functional Analysis, Positivism): Until relatively modern times the prevalent sociological perspective was Functionalism, a paradigm which analyzes social structures (such as religion, schooling, or race relations) to deduce what social functions (such as marriage conventions, college attendance, or hiring practices) derive from them. This theoretical approach views society as a system of inter-dependent social functions each working to maintain equilibrium and stability within the whole. The social function of marriage, for instance, might be seen to derive from a religious structure. The values, norms, and behaviors surrounding marriage†¦show more content†¦describing how those persons are interacting with social symbols ... helps illuminate why love in marriage is important to Americans. Society in the USA has long held to expectations of life-long fulfillment and satisfaction. Indeed the ‘American Dream’ has been crucial to American social development. With symbols of impending success all around them, Americans naturally also expect marriage to be fulfilling and satisfying as well. Symbolic Interactionism has been criticized for its inability to work with social structures (an important flaw) and macro-sociological issues. Also the approach favors qualitative data, thus creating research vagaries such as subjection in data interpretation and analysis. Conflict Theory: In the 1800’s Karl Marx (1818-1883) began to question the basic assumptions of Functionalism, particularly the premise that social functions exist naturally and develop over time to best serve all participants. His approach, called Marxism or Conflict Theory, emphasized four points; ïÆ'Ëœ A materialist view of human history, ïÆ'Ëœ Dialectical analysis in which one social convention (a ‘thesis’) creates its opposite (an ‘anti-thesis’), and a new convention (a ‘synthesis’) arises from conflict between the two, ïÆ'Ëœ AShow MoreRelatedMarxism and Health Care1239 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes one theoretical perspective discussed in chapter two contribute to a deeper sociological understanding of health and health care? For many years sociological approaches towards health were not adequately utilised as a means of gaining an enriched understanding of concurrent physical and social issues relating to health care. The application of theoretical perspectives in reference to health emerged during the 1950’s and was commonly perceived as being empirical rather then theoretical in natureRead MoreResearch Methods Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesSociology Research Methods Essay Assignment Bringing Home the Bacon: Marital Allocation of Income-Earning Responsibility, Job Shifts and Men s Wages By: Gorman, Elizabeth H. 1999 Research Question The research question addressed in the article Bringing Home the Bacon: Marital Allocation of Income-Earning Responsibility, Job Shifts and Men s Wages discusses the issue of marriage and how it impacts men s job shift patterns and how job shifting also influences men s wages. The researchRead MoreThe Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology911 Words   |  4 Pages Symbolic interactionism is the first of the three theoretical perspectives in Sociology. This avenue of examining sociological factors looks at more personal interactions than the other two perspectives. Sociologist observe patterns and behaviors of these smaller interactions to define, or redefine, the use and evolution of symbols in society. Some sociologist see this approach as being too focused on one person’s view and take on society rather than trying to understand society as a functioningRead MoreStructuralism : Structuralism And Structuralism1522 Words   |  7 Pagesmourning dress of shape, different to the usual. The structuralist approach has been most used in anthropology to sociology, particularly in the United States. Following the line of Là ©vi-Strauss, that popularized the term structuralism. This type of analysis it has applied to the study of the kinship, the myth, the religion and to other areas. However, numerous theoretical of the sociology will have s een influenced by various concepts from of this comment. Michel Foucault, used - .varias ideas key toRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sociological Perspective I. The Sociological Perspective. A. Sociology is the systematic study of human society. B. The sociological perspective (Berger, 1963) helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (the general in the particular). C. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds — to see the strange in the familiar (Berger, 1963). D. Sociology also encourages us to see personal choice in social context. 1. ForRead MoreAltering Perspectives And Their Underlying Research Methods1557 Words   |  7 Pagesaim within this essay to examine the implications and relative sporting issue relating to injury and rehabilitation. Both injury and rehabilitation go hand in hand, as a consequence those studying in the field of physiology, sociology and psychology have different approaches, research methods and coping strategies they portray onto the athlete to resolve said issue. It is important from an investigative standpoint to breakdown each field of study into a concise representation, thereby allowingRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness is majorly based on the empiricist philosophy which uses the measurement of objectives for quantitative change. Lupton (2012) traces that early in its development, medical sociology inherited rationalist approach for its acceptance as semi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and the consequentRead MoreThe Core Concepts Of Sociology1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe core concepts of sociology are a combination of original theories with improved sociological approaches that build upon them over time. Sociology utilizes three main theories to approach the study of society with different focus points that result in different outcomes. Furthermore, as stated by Robert Faris and William Form from britannica â€Å"The early schools of thought each presented a systematic formulation of sociology that implied possession of exclusive truth and that involved a convictionRead MoreSociology Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pages 9, 2012 Essay #1 According to, Datin Sitti Haishah Abd Rahman, â€Å"development of sociology took place in Europe during 18th and 19th centuries as the results: of a new industrial economy, the growth of cities, the political change, and a new awareness of society.† She adds that, â€Å"the term sociology was coined by a French social thinker Auguste Comte (1798-1857).† In the book, Thinking Sociology by Carl, sociology is defined as, â€Å"a science guided by the basic understanding that the social matters:Read MoreContemporary Theory: Stratification Essay examples1245 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals in social structure[s]† (242). Through this, the basis of stratification arises from the fundamental works of the forefathers of sociology, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. Marx, Weber, and Durkheim each establishes a foundation as â€Å"almost all contemporary stratification theory and research in sociology traces itself back, in some fashion, to one of these three† (Bowles 20 13). From this it can be seen how Marx, Weber, and Durkheims views on stratification vary from one another. Each classical sociologist

Organ Trafficking Essay - 1551 Words

I have a healthy heart that has a steady beat of 74 beats per minute with two functioning kidneys. I have twelve pints of blood circulating throughout my veins and arteries. I have a thick brown hair and a full set of orthodontic perfected teeth. I have an operating liver along with a spleen filtering out my old red blood cells and producing antibodies. I am American and have white skin, with A positive blood. In total, Im worth about $300,000 on the organ market. The organ trade is one of the fastest growing and least enforced trafficking crimes throughout the globe today (Glazer 341). Sarah Glazer claims in Organ Trafficking that 5,000 to 10,000 of the 100,000 transplanted organs are obtained illegally each year (341). Although†¦show more content†¦It was the first measure taken to control the organ trade in the U.S. Section 301 of the NOTA bans the acquisition, sale or transfer of any human organ for transplant for valuable consideration, upon penalty of up to a fine of $50,000 and five years of imprisonment. This law has somewhat maintained the red market in the United States, but does very little concerning Americans traveling abroad for illegal transplants (2). Saberi reports that Arlen Specter, a senator from Pennsylvania, supports the legalization of the organ trade. His bill, the Organ Transplant Prohibition Act of 2009 (OTPA) is in favor of boosting organ donations and even giving benefits to the donors. These benefits would include donor metals, the benefits provided for veterans, tax credits and deductions, discounts or waivers on drivers license fees, life insurance, disability and survivor benefits, a modest donation to the charity of choice, along with other benefits (4). Even if the OTPA would pass, the trade would not be regulated. Impatient patients would continue seeking organs abroad while patients as well donors would seek to find the right price. Henry Waxman, a Californian Congressman, comments on the bill, It is ethically o ffensive to look at organs and body parts the same way we look at vendors from automobiles in the junkyard ( qtd. in Saberi, 2). The United States is not the only country that has passed laws concerning theShow MoreRelatedOrgan Trafficking1137 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking Organ trafficking is one of the great issues that is faced by the society today. It is a practice of stealing people’s organ through surgery under the influence of drugs or from a dead person, and the organs are normally sold in black market such as China. South Africa, and Russia. WHO has estimated that one-fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted every year come from the black market through a widespread organ-trafficking networks. In my opinion, organ trafficking hasRead MoreOrgan Trafficking2239 Words   |  9 Pagestheir turn to receive an organ from an organ donor posthumously. Often patients won’t survive to see their name rise to the top of the list, this is the fear that organ traffickers feed on. In many places around the world one can purchase organs, which are often taken from the poor and helpless through trickery and coercion by international rings of traffickers. But why is it that with all the advancements in modern medicine, demands for repla cement kidneys due to organ failure continues to riseRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Organs1564 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking Human Organs The trafficking of human organs is on the rise and black market operations are happening under everyone’s nose. Currently there are more than 120,000 people who are on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ. Among these people waiting for their transplant approximately twenty-five people will die each day waiting for their number to come up (Perry, 2016). According to the World Health Organization there is only about ten percent of organ transplants being met through theRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Speech955 Words   |  4 PagesORGAN TRAFFICKING SPEECH Good afternoon, my name is __________ and I’m here to talk to you about a massive problem. A massive problem which unfortunately we’re still letting this happen. While listening to this speech, you might think this is the typical speech anyone who really didn’t care about this matter, could give, but I believe this matter concerns everyone, and that I’ve got the enough reasons to convince you about that, to change your mind. Do you want to take part in changing thisRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagespieces and parts or in its entirety, organizations will pay top dollar for the human body, even after it houses the human spirit. Throughout history, civilizations have found uses for the bodies, organs and tissue of the dead. The potential for the human cadaver is ever-expanding. â€Å"Since 1954, human organs have been successfully transplanted into living recipients who would otherwise die.† (Ranee Khooshie Lal Panjab) Modern researchers use cadaver tissue to study physiological processes and conductRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Law2609 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Organ Trafficking – Law Organ transplantation is an effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is widely used around the world. According to WHO, kidney transplants are carried out in 91 countries. Around 66 000 kidney transplants, 21000 liver transplants and 6000 heart transplants were performed globally in 2005. The access of patients to organ transplantation varies to the national situations, and is determined by the cost of healthcare, the level of technology advance and the availabilityRead MoreThe Problem Of Organ Trafficking2906 Words   |  12 PagesOrgan Trafficking Lithuania UNODC Sabrina Torres PART 2: BACKGROUND INFORMATION Organ trafficking is a vicious cycle in which the ideals of cultures are mixed in as well as the economic technicalities of the crime mix in. It can be defined as â€Å"the phenomenon when a third party recruits, transports, transfers, harbors, or receives a person, using threats (or use) of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of authority or a position of vulnerability for the purpose of removing thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Organ Trafficking1520 Words   |  7 PagesOrgan trafficking is becoming progressively more common around the world. The donor list becomes longer every day with people in need of a transplant. There are over 120,000 people in the United States alone on the kidney transplant waiting list (National Kidney Foundation, 2016). People on the waiting list are having to wait for a live donor (who wants no monetary gain) to donate a kidney, or they are waiting for someone to die. Nonetheless, many people are unwilling to donate an organ while livingR ead MoreEssay on Human Organ Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Organ Trafficking There are many problems with global crimes. What holds these crimes together isn’t because people around the world are committing the same crimes, it’s because these criminals have created global organizations that have ties in all the corners of the world. These groups work just like normal business do, exporting and importing goods to gain profit. However, unlike normal businesses their goods are illegal such as drugs and often inhumane such as trafficking humans. EvenRead MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Large Problem1446 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal organ trafficking has become a large problem all over the world. The traffickers are commonly attacking the poor and promising them money but it never ends up being the correct amount. Commonly doctors and pharmaceutical companies overlook the illegal trade of the organs because they receiving money from the transplants. Organ trafficking takes place in three broad categories. The first one is organ traffickers will force or trick the individual into giving up an organ. Secondly the victim

Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’ Free Essays

The state of nature Is the term used to describe a lawless state of human behavior, wherein all people are free of legal and moral restraint. It would create a state where all people would be able to act on their wants and desires without fear of punishment from a governing body, as there wouldn’t be one, and that man would only have to fear the retaliation from other people against their actions. In this essay, I will be outlining the views of both Hobbes and Locke on the state of nature and drawing a conclusion from their opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes’ view on the state of nature is that such a thing would lead only to a state of war. He believed that without moral or legal constraints, mankind will simply pillage, murder, and plunder In order to get what they desire, regardless of the views of others. In a state of war, man will use power as he sees fit In order to survive and with no clear definition of rights or duty, each Individual will be free to Judge the rights and duties of others and of themselves. There will be no duty to keep other people safe and out of harm and no-one will have the explicit right to live or to keep heir property. If another claims that you hold something he needs to survive, you would have no right to deny him as there is no law or right outlining that it was yours and yours alone. As our desires are never satisfied and we have a continuous want of things, man will continue to overturn others if it means he gets what he wants in life, whether or not he truly needs it. He believes in the state of nature translating to a state of anarchy, as no human will ever be satisfied with what they have and will always strive for more. Hobbes claims that In a lawless state, we may not wish direct arm onto others, but we will be constantly aware that other people may wish to harm us. In order to prevent being the volt, we would attack first In order to stay alive, thus becoming the aggressor. Self-preservation In a lawless state, In Hobbes’ opinion, would only ever lead to conflict as man turns on man In order to keep themselves alive. Due to this, we would never trust another person and the lack of alliance or allegiance would lead to us all being equally vulnerable. So despite the lack of rights or duty, each of us are equal in a state of nature, as we are all equally able to be pushed over by the person beside us, whether they are friend or otherwise. Hobbes is very much in agreement that living in a state of nature would be truly awful. Locke, however, doesn’t completely agree. He doesn’t believe – as Hobbes does – that scarcity In society and living in a state lawlessness would lead to man killing man In order to stay alive. He believes that people will provide themselves with natural moral principles that we are all inclined towards. Locke drew this belief from his belief in God and the creation of Man and all things on the Earth. By this logic, we have a duty to protect others from harm. We are therefore obligated, as God’s creations, to punish those that cause harm to others, and those principals would be our natural obligations. He also believes that we cannot claim property unless our labor helped create what is on the land, but we still have no lawful right to it and the supposed right to it is not dependable. He proposed that removal from a state of law would create a form of democracy among men where they would govern themselves and keep themselves in equal measure in order to create a fair semblance of society. Locke thinks that society can exist in a state of nature and exist informally, so he disagrees with the statement that living in a state of nature would be awful in any sense. He believes that people can and will work together to protect themselves and each other as we have an obligation to care for other people as a natural instinct. By Locker’s reasoning, man would eventually enter into an unspoken social contract and form a crude government to better protect their rights and promote organization in their society. I believe that although a state of nature would initially lead to man taking whatever he pleased from others and doing what he had been previously unable to do, eventually a form of society would emerge. People cannot continue without governing themselves and eventually they would create some form of law in order to govern themselves and protect their rights and duties. Initially living in a state of nature would be awful because there would be the breakaway from lawful restraint and that new freedom would lead to complete uproar as the population of the world indulged in all they had been unable to do. I still, however, believe that Locker’s state of things would prevail and that man would find a way to organize themselves in order to survive and beat the inevitable scarcity. How to cite Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’, Essays

Management and Organization Strategic Objectives

Question: Identify the relationship between strategic objectives, functional management and the business environment. Answer: Introduction The assessment of strateegic objectives of the business and the management of human resources in productive manner is integral to the development of a business organization. The process of functional management of business deals with planning, strategy making, leading people but, at the same time, the assessment of their psychological aspects is also essential for useful functioning (Turner, 2014). This paper has dealt with the problem assessment in Mullins Company due to individual differences and management of the human resource in the effective manner. The application of Myers- Briggs theories to identify the different types of personality in the Marketing meeting and brief explanation of the most useful type of personality From the meeting conducted among the four employees who were the best performers for their respective departments reflected the varied traits and perceptions of the four employees. Firstly, Davido has the preference for Intuition as well as Feeling (N, F) as mirrored from his behavior at the meeting. Davido initiated the meeting and tried to take the charge of the meeting due to the chaotic situation, the person anticipated as if he was the in- charge though; that was not obvious and by his personal thought and this is the reason that he interrupted Tokunbo to present the plan. On the other hand, Tokunbo reflected the traits of Introversion, Judgement and Feelings (I, J, F), as the person presumed that for the purpose of marketing his plan is best and believed his plan to be noteworthy for marketing by his personal Feeling. The person judges the scenario from this personal angle reflecting the qualities of Introversion (Amato, 2011). Further, Gloria prefers Thinking and Sensing (T, S) being an engineer the person proceeded logical approach and prescribed to proceed with test results. The characteristics of Zainab also reflected the qualities of, Intuition and Extraversion (N, E) from the theoretical angle as; the person is more creative and present new ideas with drawings and further preferred to plan out new ideas through team-work. The application of Myers- Briggs theory is considered to be one of the effective means that can be used for the evaluation of different types of personalities in the workplace. The assessment of the behavior is essential for the purpose to set a constructive approach to the business (Palmer, 2012). To get the most out of the people presented at the meeting the personalities with elements of Extraversion trait to work with the outer world, Thinking preference to objective and logical thinking and Perception retaining flexibility and respond to things as they come (E, T, P) would have been more useful. Application of Attribution Theory that how Toluwa, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope perceptions of each other have resulted to an unproductive meeting The attribution theory is accounted to be one of the useful theories can be used for the assessment of perception of different individuals in systematic manner. To be more precise this theory advocates the concept that how people perceive a situation and interpret the same in association with their personal thoughts and logic (Farmer, et al., Smith, 2012). Therefore, the psychological theory can be successfully used to understand the social viewpoints. In the given case of feedback meeting, Toluwa Adnike already developed a concept that employees of each department were useless owing to the unproductive result of marketing meeting and blamed the departmental heads. Following to this, Ralph the operational head drew his personal conclusion Davido was his right selection but, the other team members were not fit for the purpose. Further , Suzzane the design departmental head in the same tune reconfirmed her right choice of employee and passed the blame to others. Similarly, Temitope, th e head of engineering also stood for her employee as the best and so as the marketing head Emeka also passed also passes on the cause of failure to others. Thus, this is clear that each of the departmental heads was stuck to their personal views without digging out the reason of such failure of the employees. They all presumed that the meeting did not worked out due to the fault of others and attached their won meaning and understanding without investigating the real cause of failure and drew their casual interpretations (Liu, 2010). The theory acts like a device used for mitigating the workplace conflicts, however, in the given case this is clear that the difference of opinions and behaviors of four employees from varied departments as well as, of their departmental heads of Mullins Company resulted in an unproductive outcome during the marketing meeting. Explanation of four ways in which managers should manage individual differences at work The management of individual differences at the workplace is one of the essential tasks performed by the organizational managers or leaders. Maintaining the organizational harmony and mutual respect among the staff employees are major factors to help to augment the performance of the team (Perkins Arvinen-Muondo, 2013). If the individual differences are not addressed efficiently by the organizational heads it can result in the reduced productivity as; evident from the case study of Mullins Company during the marketing meeting. Therefore, at present as per the modern business management, the organizational managers are trying to seek out the reasons for organizational differences and they are employing some methods for the purpose to reduce the differences and promote a harmonious relationship among the employees (White, 2010). However, in the process of managing the daily operations and human assets, the organizational managers mainly emphasize on the effective communication, traini ng, motivation and job allocation as; these are identified as the methods of easing out the differences among the employees in the workplaces. Regular and helpful communications are the process identified for reducing the mental blockage of the employees in the workplaces. Communication among the employees as well as with the higher management results in a growth of organizational diversity. Therefore, the managers should create platforms for the employees where the staffs of different departments can mingle, interact and communicate with each other and result in the erasing the barriers (Burke Clark, 2016). The cultural differences, miscommunications, the difference of job roles, lack of mutual understanding and many contributes to individual differences, therefore, through and regular communications can help the employees to overcome such problems and perform as a team. Proper training of the employees is another useful means to reduce the individual differences. Training in the workplace is accounted to be an effective way in which the business managers can manage the overall performance building and manage positive attitudes of the employees. Training does not only implied for skill development and performance management but, at present, the organizations are organizing 360 degrees for the overall development including the attitudes of the employees at the workplaces. The development of positive attitude is essential for mitigating the individual differences among the staffs, and they must respect each other and maintain the organizational harmony (Fuller Martinec, 2011). In addition to the above two factors of managing the problem of individual differences in the workplace, motivation is another primary means which are devised by the managers for the encouraging the employees of the organizations to work as the team. The organizational managers motivate the employees to work in teams by forming different teams among the different employees (Oakland, 2014). Such practices also result in the development of mutual understanding and bonding among the employees. The job allocation is another effective method of easing out differences in the workplaces. The managers are the immediate leads for the employee staffs of the different departments in the organizations, and they are also looked upon by the employees as the guiding force (KlovienÄ—, 2012). Therefore, when the jobs and tasks are allocated by the managers, it resulted in reduction of confusions about the job roles and contradictions among the employees when they are working as the team. Such as in the case of Mullins Company, where the employees of different departments were asked for the presentation of the marketing ideas but the roles of each were not knpersonal to them and this further resulted in differences of opinions and unproductive results (Stoichev, 2014). It can be expected having knpersonal the respective roles such contradictions could have been overcome and result in a productive outcome. Discussion on how each department can contribute to achieving the Strategic goal set by the organization The representatives of the four main departments of Mullins Company were from operations, marketing, designing and engineering department. Each of the department is vital for the business and can contribute equally to achieving the strategic goal set by the organization for marketing the new product (mop). The operation department is mainly responsible for the execution of the plans, use of resources and activities together with the marketing, accounting, and other departments and thus, helps in gaining efficiency of the process (Seethamraju, 2012). The marketing department is also another vital section that helps the business to bridge the gap between the products of the business and the end consumers of the market. The marketing team is responsible for marketing the products and growth of sales (Oesterle Mllenberg, 2014). The designing department is there to shape the products of the business in the most attractive manner revealing its features, for gaining appeal from the consumers and can directly contribute to the attainment of sales target. The engineering department determines technical merits of the products and tests the productivity of the product for the consumers and develops more useful products. Thus, this is apparent from the distinctive roles of all the four departments are vital for a business to market the new product in the efficient manner in the consumers market, and attain the strategic goal of making it a hit for the business. Explanation of two challenges faced by the organization in achieving companys Marketing goal In the process of achieving the marketing goals of Mullins Company, there are two main challenges encountered by the company. The personally differences is one of the primary reasons of obstructing the smooth functioning of the business. The individual differences among the employees of different departments got reflected from the unproductive outcome of the meeting. Furthermore, the difference of the opinions and attributes is only among the employee level but also among the departmental heads. As this is clear from the feedback meeting session, where the heads of each department judged the reason behind their failure from their personal angle and perceived thoughts (Piercy, 2012). There is the lack of mutual understanding and zeal of team-work among the managerial as well as the non-managerial employees of the company that resulted in individual personality differences. The motivation is another essential factor which is missing among the employees or the workforce of the company, to be precise there is the lack of motivation to perform like the team. Another challenging aspect for the company to manage to motivate the employees as differences is also there among the higher level managers (Radomska, 2014). The managerial heads have their personal differences among them as reflected from the case study, and they are also not able to motivate the team of employees to cooperate with employees of different departments. The employees, as well as their heads, are keen towards proving their personal thoughts during the two dissimilar meetings without understating the viewpoints of the others for the reason of failure. Conclusion Therefore, this can be concluded that if the individual differences among the employees are not managed properly the same will affect the productivity of the overall organizations in an adverse manner. Further, the attributes of the higher level management were also not instrumental in promoting the concept of mutual respect and harmony among the employees. Therefore, this is highly desirable for Mullins Company to manage the individual differences among the managers and employees even before planning for marketing the mop as; the new product by the business. 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