Three Theoretical Approaches to Sociology - 1326 Words

3 Major Theoretical Approaches to Sociology Functionalism (a.k.a. Structural Functionalism, Functional Analysis, Positivism): Until relatively modern times the prevalent sociological perspective was Functionalism, a paradigm which analyzes social structures (such as religion, schooling, or race relations) to deduce what social functions (such as marriage conventions, college attendance, or hiring practices) derive from them. This theoretical approach views society as a system of inter-dependent social functions each working to maintain equilibrium and stability within the whole. The social function of marriage, for instance, might be seen to derive from a religious structure. The values, norms, and behaviors surrounding marriage†¦show more content†¦describing how those persons are interacting with social symbols ... helps illuminate why love in marriage is important to Americans. Society in the USA has long held to expectations of life-long fulfillment and satisfaction. Indeed the ‘American Dream’ has been crucial to American social development. With symbols of impending success all around them, Americans naturally also expect marriage to be fulfilling and satisfying as well. Symbolic Interactionism has been criticized for its inability to work with social structures (an important flaw) and macro-sociological issues. Also the approach favors qualitative data, thus creating research vagaries such as subjection in data interpretation and analysis. Conflict Theory: In the 1800’s Karl Marx (1818-1883) began to question the basic assumptions of Functionalism, particularly the premise that social functions exist naturally and develop over time to best serve all participants. His approach, called Marxism or Conflict Theory, emphasized four points; ïÆ'Ëœ A materialist view of human history, ïÆ'Ëœ Dialectical analysis in which one social convention (a ‘thesis’) creates its opposite (an ‘anti-thesis’), and a new convention (a ‘synthesis’) arises from conflict between the two, ïÆ'Ëœ AShow MoreRelatedMarxism and Health Care1239 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes one theoretical perspective discussed in chapter two contribute to a deeper sociological understanding of health and health care? For many years sociological approaches towards health were not adequately utilised as a means of gaining an enriched understanding of concurrent physical and social issues relating to health care. The application of theoretical perspectives in reference to health emerged during the 1950’s and was commonly perceived as being empirical rather then theoretical in natureRead MoreResearch Methods Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesSociology Research Methods Essay Assignment Bringing Home the Bacon: Marital Allocation of Income-Earning Responsibility, Job Shifts and Men s Wages By: Gorman, Elizabeth H. 1999 Research Question The research question addressed in the article Bringing Home the Bacon: Marital Allocation of Income-Earning Responsibility, Job Shifts and Men s Wages discusses the issue of marriage and how it impacts men s job shift patterns and how job shifting also influences men s wages. The researchRead MoreThe Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology911 Words   |  4 Pages Symbolic interactionism is the first of the three theoretical perspectives in Sociology. This avenue of examining sociological factors looks at more personal interactions than the other two perspectives. Sociologist observe patterns and behaviors of these smaller interactions to define, or redefine, the use and evolution of symbols in society. Some sociologist see this approach as being too focused on one person’s view and take on society rather than trying to understand society as a functioningRead MoreStructuralism : Structuralism And Structuralism1522 Words   |  7 Pagesmourning dress of shape, different to the usual. The structuralist approach has been most used in anthropology to sociology, particularly in the United States. Following the line of Là ©vi-Strauss, that popularized the term structuralism. This type of analysis it has applied to the study of the kinship, the myth, the religion and to other areas. However, numerous theoretical of the sociology will have s een influenced by various concepts from of this comment. Michel Foucault, used - .varias ideas key toRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sociological Perspective I. The Sociological Perspective. A. Sociology is the systematic study of human society. B. The sociological perspective (Berger, 1963) helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals (the general in the particular). C. It also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds — to see the strange in the familiar (Berger, 1963). D. Sociology also encourages us to see personal choice in social context. 1. ForRead MoreAltering Perspectives And Their Underlying Research Methods1557 Words   |  7 Pagesaim within this essay to examine the implications and relative sporting issue relating to injury and rehabilitation. Both injury and rehabilitation go hand in hand, as a consequence those studying in the field of physiology, sociology and psychology have different approaches, research methods and coping strategies they portray onto the athlete to resolve said issue. It is important from an investigative standpoint to breakdown each field of study into a concise representation, thereby allowingRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness is majorly based on the empiricist philosophy which uses the measurement of objectives for quantitative change. Lupton (2012) traces that early in its development, medical sociology inherited rationalist approach for its acceptance as semi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and the consequentRead MoreThe Core Concepts Of Sociology1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe core concepts of sociology are a combination of original theories with improved sociological approaches that build upon them over time. Sociology utilizes three main theories to approach the study of society with different focus points that result in different outcomes. Furthermore, as stated by Robert Faris and William Form from britannica â€Å"The early schools of thought each presented a systematic formulation of sociology that implied possession of exclusive truth and that involved a convictionRead MoreSociology Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pages 9, 2012 Essay #1 According to, Datin Sitti Haishah Abd Rahman, â€Å"development of sociology took place in Europe during 18th and 19th centuries as the results: of a new industrial economy, the growth of cities, the political change, and a new awareness of society.† She adds that, â€Å"the term sociology was coined by a French social thinker Auguste Comte (1798-1857).† In the book, Thinking Sociology by Carl, sociology is defined as, â€Å"a science guided by the basic understanding that the social matters:Read MoreContemporary Theory: Stratification Essay examples1245 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals in social structure[s]† (242). Through this, the basis of stratification arises from the fundamental works of the forefathers of sociology, Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. Marx, Weber, and Durkheim each establishes a foundation as â€Å"almost all contemporary stratification theory and research in sociology traces itself back, in some fashion, to one of these three† (Bowles 20 13). From this it can be seen how Marx, Weber, and Durkheims views on stratification vary from one another. Each classical sociologist

Organ Trafficking Essay - 1551 Words

I have a healthy heart that has a steady beat of 74 beats per minute with two functioning kidneys. I have twelve pints of blood circulating throughout my veins and arteries. I have a thick brown hair and a full set of orthodontic perfected teeth. I have an operating liver along with a spleen filtering out my old red blood cells and producing antibodies. I am American and have white skin, with A positive blood. In total, Im worth about $300,000 on the organ market. The organ trade is one of the fastest growing and least enforced trafficking crimes throughout the globe today (Glazer 341). Sarah Glazer claims in Organ Trafficking that 5,000 to 10,000 of the 100,000 transplanted organs are obtained illegally each year (341). Although†¦show more content†¦It was the first measure taken to control the organ trade in the U.S. Section 301 of the NOTA bans the acquisition, sale or transfer of any human organ for transplant for valuable consideration, upon penalty of up to a fine of $50,000 and five years of imprisonment. This law has somewhat maintained the red market in the United States, but does very little concerning Americans traveling abroad for illegal transplants (2). Saberi reports that Arlen Specter, a senator from Pennsylvania, supports the legalization of the organ trade. His bill, the Organ Transplant Prohibition Act of 2009 (OTPA) is in favor of boosting organ donations and even giving benefits to the donors. These benefits would include donor metals, the benefits provided for veterans, tax credits and deductions, discounts or waivers on drivers license fees, life insurance, disability and survivor benefits, a modest donation to the charity of choice, along with other benefits (4). Even if the OTPA would pass, the trade would not be regulated. Impatient patients would continue seeking organs abroad while patients as well donors would seek to find the right price. Henry Waxman, a Californian Congressman, comments on the bill, It is ethically o ffensive to look at organs and body parts the same way we look at vendors from automobiles in the junkyard ( qtd. in Saberi, 2). The United States is not the only country that has passed laws concerning theShow MoreRelatedOrgan Trafficking1137 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking Organ trafficking is one of the great issues that is faced by the society today. It is a practice of stealing people’s organ through surgery under the influence of drugs or from a dead person, and the organs are normally sold in black market such as China. South Africa, and Russia. WHO has estimated that one-fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted every year come from the black market through a widespread organ-trafficking networks. In my opinion, organ trafficking hasRead MoreOrgan Trafficking2239 Words   |  9 Pagestheir turn to receive an organ from an organ donor posthumously. Often patients won’t survive to see their name rise to the top of the list, this is the fear that organ traffickers feed on. In many places around the world one can purchase organs, which are often taken from the poor and helpless through trickery and coercion by international rings of traffickers. But why is it that with all the advancements in modern medicine, demands for repla cement kidneys due to organ failure continues to riseRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Organs1564 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking Human Organs The trafficking of human organs is on the rise and black market operations are happening under everyone’s nose. Currently there are more than 120,000 people who are on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ. Among these people waiting for their transplant approximately twenty-five people will die each day waiting for their number to come up (Perry, 2016). According to the World Health Organization there is only about ten percent of organ transplants being met through theRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Speech955 Words   |  4 PagesORGAN TRAFFICKING SPEECH Good afternoon, my name is __________ and I’m here to talk to you about a massive problem. A massive problem which unfortunately we’re still letting this happen. While listening to this speech, you might think this is the typical speech anyone who really didn’t care about this matter, could give, but I believe this matter concerns everyone, and that I’ve got the enough reasons to convince you about that, to change your mind. Do you want to take part in changing thisRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagespieces and parts or in its entirety, organizations will pay top dollar for the human body, even after it houses the human spirit. Throughout history, civilizations have found uses for the bodies, organs and tissue of the dead. The potential for the human cadaver is ever-expanding. â€Å"Since 1954, human organs have been successfully transplanted into living recipients who would otherwise die.† (Ranee Khooshie Lal Panjab) Modern researchers use cadaver tissue to study physiological processes and conductRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Law2609 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Organ Trafficking – Law Organ transplantation is an effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is widely used around the world. According to WHO, kidney transplants are carried out in 91 countries. Around 66 000 kidney transplants, 21000 liver transplants and 6000 heart transplants were performed globally in 2005. The access of patients to organ transplantation varies to the national situations, and is determined by the cost of healthcare, the level of technology advance and the availabilityRead MoreThe Problem Of Organ Trafficking2906 Words   |  12 PagesOrgan Trafficking Lithuania UNODC Sabrina Torres PART 2: BACKGROUND INFORMATION Organ trafficking is a vicious cycle in which the ideals of cultures are mixed in as well as the economic technicalities of the crime mix in. It can be defined as â€Å"the phenomenon when a third party recruits, transports, transfers, harbors, or receives a person, using threats (or use) of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of authority or a position of vulnerability for the purpose of removing thatRead MoreThe Problem Of Organ Trafficking1520 Words   |  7 PagesOrgan trafficking is becoming progressively more common around the world. The donor list becomes longer every day with people in need of a transplant. There are over 120,000 people in the United States alone on the kidney transplant waiting list (National Kidney Foundation, 2016). People on the waiting list are having to wait for a live donor (who wants no monetary gain) to donate a kidney, or they are waiting for someone to die. Nonetheless, many people are unwilling to donate an organ while livingR ead MoreEssay on Human Organ Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Organ Trafficking There are many problems with global crimes. What holds these crimes together isn’t because people around the world are committing the same crimes, it’s because these criminals have created global organizations that have ties in all the corners of the world. These groups work just like normal business do, exporting and importing goods to gain profit. However, unlike normal businesses their goods are illegal such as drugs and often inhumane such as trafficking humans. EvenRead MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Large Problem1446 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal organ trafficking has become a large problem all over the world. The traffickers are commonly attacking the poor and promising them money but it never ends up being the correct amount. Commonly doctors and pharmaceutical companies overlook the illegal trade of the organs because they receiving money from the transplants. Organ trafficking takes place in three broad categories. The first one is organ traffickers will force or trick the individual into giving up an organ. Secondly the victim

Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’ Free Essays

The state of nature Is the term used to describe a lawless state of human behavior, wherein all people are free of legal and moral restraint. It would create a state where all people would be able to act on their wants and desires without fear of punishment from a governing body, as there wouldn’t be one, and that man would only have to fear the retaliation from other people against their actions. In this essay, I will be outlining the views of both Hobbes and Locke on the state of nature and drawing a conclusion from their opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes’ view on the state of nature is that such a thing would lead only to a state of war. He believed that without moral or legal constraints, mankind will simply pillage, murder, and plunder In order to get what they desire, regardless of the views of others. In a state of war, man will use power as he sees fit In order to survive and with no clear definition of rights or duty, each Individual will be free to Judge the rights and duties of others and of themselves. There will be no duty to keep other people safe and out of harm and no-one will have the explicit right to live or to keep heir property. If another claims that you hold something he needs to survive, you would have no right to deny him as there is no law or right outlining that it was yours and yours alone. As our desires are never satisfied and we have a continuous want of things, man will continue to overturn others if it means he gets what he wants in life, whether or not he truly needs it. He believes in the state of nature translating to a state of anarchy, as no human will ever be satisfied with what they have and will always strive for more. Hobbes claims that In a lawless state, we may not wish direct arm onto others, but we will be constantly aware that other people may wish to harm us. In order to prevent being the volt, we would attack first In order to stay alive, thus becoming the aggressor. Self-preservation In a lawless state, In Hobbes’ opinion, would only ever lead to conflict as man turns on man In order to keep themselves alive. Due to this, we would never trust another person and the lack of alliance or allegiance would lead to us all being equally vulnerable. So despite the lack of rights or duty, each of us are equal in a state of nature, as we are all equally able to be pushed over by the person beside us, whether they are friend or otherwise. Hobbes is very much in agreement that living in a state of nature would be truly awful. Locke, however, doesn’t completely agree. He doesn’t believe – as Hobbes does – that scarcity In society and living in a state lawlessness would lead to man killing man In order to stay alive. He believes that people will provide themselves with natural moral principles that we are all inclined towards. Locke drew this belief from his belief in God and the creation of Man and all things on the Earth. By this logic, we have a duty to protect others from harm. We are therefore obligated, as God’s creations, to punish those that cause harm to others, and those principals would be our natural obligations. He also believes that we cannot claim property unless our labor helped create what is on the land, but we still have no lawful right to it and the supposed right to it is not dependable. He proposed that removal from a state of law would create a form of democracy among men where they would govern themselves and keep themselves in equal measure in order to create a fair semblance of society. Locke thinks that society can exist in a state of nature and exist informally, so he disagrees with the statement that living in a state of nature would be awful in any sense. He believes that people can and will work together to protect themselves and each other as we have an obligation to care for other people as a natural instinct. By Locker’s reasoning, man would eventually enter into an unspoken social contract and form a crude government to better protect their rights and promote organization in their society. I believe that although a state of nature would initially lead to man taking whatever he pleased from others and doing what he had been previously unable to do, eventually a form of society would emerge. People cannot continue without governing themselves and eventually they would create some form of law in order to govern themselves and protect their rights and duties. Initially living in a state of nature would be awful because there would be the breakaway from lawful restraint and that new freedom would lead to complete uproar as the population of the world indulged in all they had been unable to do. I still, however, believe that Locker’s state of things would prevail and that man would find a way to organize themselves in order to survive and beat the inevitable scarcity. How to cite Assess the View That Life in a ‘State of Nature’, Essays

Management and Organization Strategic Objectives

Question: Identify the relationship between strategic objectives, functional management and the business environment. Answer: Introduction The assessment of strateegic objectives of the business and the management of human resources in productive manner is integral to the development of a business organization. The process of functional management of business deals with planning, strategy making, leading people but, at the same time, the assessment of their psychological aspects is also essential for useful functioning (Turner, 2014). This paper has dealt with the problem assessment in Mullins Company due to individual differences and management of the human resource in the effective manner. The application of Myers- Briggs theories to identify the different types of personality in the Marketing meeting and brief explanation of the most useful type of personality From the meeting conducted among the four employees who were the best performers for their respective departments reflected the varied traits and perceptions of the four employees. Firstly, Davido has the preference for Intuition as well as Feeling (N, F) as mirrored from his behavior at the meeting. Davido initiated the meeting and tried to take the charge of the meeting due to the chaotic situation, the person anticipated as if he was the in- charge though; that was not obvious and by his personal thought and this is the reason that he interrupted Tokunbo to present the plan. On the other hand, Tokunbo reflected the traits of Introversion, Judgement and Feelings (I, J, F), as the person presumed that for the purpose of marketing his plan is best and believed his plan to be noteworthy for marketing by his personal Feeling. The person judges the scenario from this personal angle reflecting the qualities of Introversion (Amato, 2011). Further, Gloria prefers Thinking and Sensing (T, S) being an engineer the person proceeded logical approach and prescribed to proceed with test results. The characteristics of Zainab also reflected the qualities of, Intuition and Extraversion (N, E) from the theoretical angle as; the person is more creative and present new ideas with drawings and further preferred to plan out new ideas through team-work. The application of Myers- Briggs theory is considered to be one of the effective means that can be used for the evaluation of different types of personalities in the workplace. The assessment of the behavior is essential for the purpose to set a constructive approach to the business (Palmer, 2012). To get the most out of the people presented at the meeting the personalities with elements of Extraversion trait to work with the outer world, Thinking preference to objective and logical thinking and Perception retaining flexibility and respond to things as they come (E, T, P) would have been more useful. Application of Attribution Theory that how Toluwa, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope perceptions of each other have resulted to an unproductive meeting The attribution theory is accounted to be one of the useful theories can be used for the assessment of perception of different individuals in systematic manner. To be more precise this theory advocates the concept that how people perceive a situation and interpret the same in association with their personal thoughts and logic (Farmer, et al., Smith, 2012). Therefore, the psychological theory can be successfully used to understand the social viewpoints. In the given case of feedback meeting, Toluwa Adnike already developed a concept that employees of each department were useless owing to the unproductive result of marketing meeting and blamed the departmental heads. Following to this, Ralph the operational head drew his personal conclusion Davido was his right selection but, the other team members were not fit for the purpose. Further , Suzzane the design departmental head in the same tune reconfirmed her right choice of employee and passed the blame to others. Similarly, Temitope, th e head of engineering also stood for her employee as the best and so as the marketing head Emeka also passed also passes on the cause of failure to others. Thus, this is clear that each of the departmental heads was stuck to their personal views without digging out the reason of such failure of the employees. They all presumed that the meeting did not worked out due to the fault of others and attached their won meaning and understanding without investigating the real cause of failure and drew their casual interpretations (Liu, 2010). The theory acts like a device used for mitigating the workplace conflicts, however, in the given case this is clear that the difference of opinions and behaviors of four employees from varied departments as well as, of their departmental heads of Mullins Company resulted in an unproductive outcome during the marketing meeting. Explanation of four ways in which managers should manage individual differences at work The management of individual differences at the workplace is one of the essential tasks performed by the organizational managers or leaders. Maintaining the organizational harmony and mutual respect among the staff employees are major factors to help to augment the performance of the team (Perkins Arvinen-Muondo, 2013). If the individual differences are not addressed efficiently by the organizational heads it can result in the reduced productivity as; evident from the case study of Mullins Company during the marketing meeting. Therefore, at present as per the modern business management, the organizational managers are trying to seek out the reasons for organizational differences and they are employing some methods for the purpose to reduce the differences and promote a harmonious relationship among the employees (White, 2010). However, in the process of managing the daily operations and human assets, the organizational managers mainly emphasize on the effective communication, traini ng, motivation and job allocation as; these are identified as the methods of easing out the differences among the employees in the workplaces. Regular and helpful communications are the process identified for reducing the mental blockage of the employees in the workplaces. Communication among the employees as well as with the higher management results in a growth of organizational diversity. Therefore, the managers should create platforms for the employees where the staffs of different departments can mingle, interact and communicate with each other and result in the erasing the barriers (Burke Clark, 2016). The cultural differences, miscommunications, the difference of job roles, lack of mutual understanding and many contributes to individual differences, therefore, through and regular communications can help the employees to overcome such problems and perform as a team. Proper training of the employees is another useful means to reduce the individual differences. Training in the workplace is accounted to be an effective way in which the business managers can manage the overall performance building and manage positive attitudes of the employees. Training does not only implied for skill development and performance management but, at present, the organizations are organizing 360 degrees for the overall development including the attitudes of the employees at the workplaces. The development of positive attitude is essential for mitigating the individual differences among the staffs, and they must respect each other and maintain the organizational harmony (Fuller Martinec, 2011). In addition to the above two factors of managing the problem of individual differences in the workplace, motivation is another primary means which are devised by the managers for the encouraging the employees of the organizations to work as the team. The organizational managers motivate the employees to work in teams by forming different teams among the different employees (Oakland, 2014). Such practices also result in the development of mutual understanding and bonding among the employees. The job allocation is another effective method of easing out differences in the workplaces. The managers are the immediate leads for the employee staffs of the different departments in the organizations, and they are also looked upon by the employees as the guiding force (KlovienÄ—, 2012). Therefore, when the jobs and tasks are allocated by the managers, it resulted in reduction of confusions about the job roles and contradictions among the employees when they are working as the team. Such as in the case of Mullins Company, where the employees of different departments were asked for the presentation of the marketing ideas but the roles of each were not knpersonal to them and this further resulted in differences of opinions and unproductive results (Stoichev, 2014). It can be expected having knpersonal the respective roles such contradictions could have been overcome and result in a productive outcome. Discussion on how each department can contribute to achieving the Strategic goal set by the organization The representatives of the four main departments of Mullins Company were from operations, marketing, designing and engineering department. Each of the department is vital for the business and can contribute equally to achieving the strategic goal set by the organization for marketing the new product (mop). The operation department is mainly responsible for the execution of the plans, use of resources and activities together with the marketing, accounting, and other departments and thus, helps in gaining efficiency of the process (Seethamraju, 2012). The marketing department is also another vital section that helps the business to bridge the gap between the products of the business and the end consumers of the market. The marketing team is responsible for marketing the products and growth of sales (Oesterle Mllenberg, 2014). The designing department is there to shape the products of the business in the most attractive manner revealing its features, for gaining appeal from the consumers and can directly contribute to the attainment of sales target. The engineering department determines technical merits of the products and tests the productivity of the product for the consumers and develops more useful products. Thus, this is apparent from the distinctive roles of all the four departments are vital for a business to market the new product in the efficient manner in the consumers market, and attain the strategic goal of making it a hit for the business. Explanation of two challenges faced by the organization in achieving companys Marketing goal In the process of achieving the marketing goals of Mullins Company, there are two main challenges encountered by the company. The personally differences is one of the primary reasons of obstructing the smooth functioning of the business. The individual differences among the employees of different departments got reflected from the unproductive outcome of the meeting. Furthermore, the difference of the opinions and attributes is only among the employee level but also among the departmental heads. As this is clear from the feedback meeting session, where the heads of each department judged the reason behind their failure from their personal angle and perceived thoughts (Piercy, 2012). There is the lack of mutual understanding and zeal of team-work among the managerial as well as the non-managerial employees of the company that resulted in individual personality differences. The motivation is another essential factor which is missing among the employees or the workforce of the company, to be precise there is the lack of motivation to perform like the team. Another challenging aspect for the company to manage to motivate the employees as differences is also there among the higher level managers (Radomska, 2014). The managerial heads have their personal differences among them as reflected from the case study, and they are also not able to motivate the team of employees to cooperate with employees of different departments. The employees, as well as their heads, are keen towards proving their personal thoughts during the two dissimilar meetings without understating the viewpoints of the others for the reason of failure. Conclusion Therefore, this can be concluded that if the individual differences among the employees are not managed properly the same will affect the productivity of the overall organizations in an adverse manner. Further, the attributes of the higher level management were also not instrumental in promoting the concept of mutual respect and harmony among the employees. Therefore, this is highly desirable for Mullins Company to manage the individual differences among the managers and employees even before planning for marketing the mop as; the new product by the business. Reference Amato, C. 2011, Enhancing Student Team Effectiveness: Application of Myers-Briggs Personality Assessment in Business Courses.Journal of Marketing Education, vol. 30, no. 6, p. 66-92. Burke, J. Clark, C. 2016, The business case for integrated reporting: Insights from leading practitioners, regulators, and academics.Business Horizons. Vol. 4, no. 2. Farmer, M., Yellowley, W. and Smith, P. 2012,Organizational Behavior. London: Taylor Francis Ltd. Fuller, J. Martinec, C. 2011, Operations Research And Operations Management: From Selective Optimization To System Optimization.Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), vol. 3, no. 7. KlovienÄ—, L. 2012, Performance Measurement System Compatibility With Business Environment.ecoman, vol. 17, no. 2. Liu, X. 2010, On Application of MBO in College Management.International Education Studies, vol. 3, no. 2. White, L. 2010, A review of the recent contribution of systems thinking to operational research and management science.European Journal of Operational Research,vol. 207, no. 3, p. 1147-1161. Oakland, J. S. 2014,Total quality management and operational excellence: Journal of Management, vol. 24 no. 4, p. 45-56. Oesterle, A. Mllenberg, J. 2014, Business Continuity Management.CON, vol. 26, no.11, p.624-629. Palmer, D. 2012,Normal organizational wrongdoing. New York: Oxford University Press. Perkins, S. and Arvinen-Muondo, R. 2013,Organizational Behavior. London: Kogan Page. Piercy, N. 2012, Business history and operations management.Business History, vol. 54, no. 2, p.154-178. Radomska, J. 2014, Operational risk associated with the strategy implementation.Management, vol. 18, no. 2. Seethamraju, R. 2012, Business process management: a missing link in business education.Business Process Mgmt Journal, vol. 18, no. 3, p.532-547. Stoichev, K. 2014, The Role of Business Continuity Management in the Business Management System.SJBM, vol. 2, no, 3, p.97. Turner, J. R. 2014,The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). McGraw-hill.

Issues and Recommendations for Apple

The main Issue Many analysts have touted Apple as the greatest innovator in computer hardware and software products. Events that happened since Steve Jobs returned to the company defined the direction, which Apple would follow in the future. The main issue is whether or not Apple would be able to maintain its design and innovation for decades to come without Steve Jobs.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Issues and Recommendations for Apple specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apple’s Innovation after Jobs Without Jobs, many analysts believe that Apple would struggle to maintain its innovation and thinking abilities. However, Tim Cook believes that the company would continue to innovate and design new products for success. The CEO as innovator Steve Jobs was synonymous with Apple. He had the ultimate role of ensuring innovation in the company. One may wonder if Apple still has a clear strategy for innovation after Jobs. The relevance of operational secrecy Apple has earned reputation because of its non-disclosure in products and innovation. This shows that constant and distinct product innovation has allowed Apple to be the best company with the fanatic consumer base and high-levels of profitability. The situational analysis Apple operates in the global market. The company products appeal to the global market through their simplicity and sophistication. A closer look at Apple products reveals significant iterations of successful products. Thus, one can understand how Apple integrates creativity and simplicity in order to deliver sophisticated products to its customers. The design and innovation at Apple embrace a diverse set of device product features to appeal to different users. Apple has used its products, such as iPod, iTunes, Mac, and iPad to establish a relationship with millions of users across the world through distribution networks and purchase outlets. Apple has a created a m arket that is discrete. However, one must recognize that Apple is unique firm that relies on a non-linear and highest standard of leveraged strategies in order to create a complex market that is not simple to understand. Competition Apple faces a fierce competition from other technology firms. Thus, many industry pundits and analysts are yet to understand the root of Apple’s success. Apple has faced intense competitions from IBM clone computers. In addition, the company has operated in a rapidly changing environment where venture capital has driven new entrants and competition. As a result, Apple had to make complex decisions on target markets and products to develop.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dell has also been a major competitor of Apple. The company facilitated the Web-based purchasing system. This approach created effective interaction with customers. D ell could build and ship its products fast through an efficient supply chain. Many critics praised Dell for its efficiency. Dell introduced various types of computers, software, notebooks, servers, and support services to clients. The company attributed its success to a distinctive business model based on built-to-order and direct sales strategies. Customer Apple has created a large fanatical base due to its design and innovative products. The company has emphasized the need to integrate customers’ experiences in its product design and developmental stages. Apple configured its products at higher prices relative to competitors’ products. However, the company managed to draw both non-customers and fans alike. This allowed Apple to attract loyal consumers. Environmental analysis Apple operates in a competitive environment with constant and fast changes in technologies. Moreover, competition has become fierce due to venture capital, which funds new entrants. This implies that Apple has to develop products that must appeal to the target market. Some industry pundits observed that quick development of several models brought about complexity at the company and consumer confusion. Apple established unique retail stores in a competitive business environment just like its unique products. Apple outlets occupy upscale malls and other buildings considered to be unique in architectural designs. At this time, Dell and other competitors did not favor stores as suitable outlets. They adopted direct sales and distribution approaches while Apple embarked on developing its retail outlets. Apple worked in its own way. This reflected a sharp focus on product and service delivery to customers. The business environment at Apple demanded a clear development strategy, innovation, and strategy execution with Steve Jobs as the chief innovator.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Issues and Recommendations for Apple specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendations Maintaining innovation It is important for Apple to maintain its design thinking and product innovation in order to stay ahead in a competitive and rapidly changing technology industry. Apple must understand that changes in technologies, consumer demands, and demographics have resulted in new demands and diverse expectations. Thus, the company must maintain innovation and design thinking in all its products and services. Apple after Jobs The company’s innovation abilities will change after Steve Jobs. Many critics have questioned whether or not Apple will continue with its design thinking and innovation after Steve Jobs. Jobs prepared Apple well. The company is the largest in the technology industry and has conquered mobile technology. Apple will rely on its financial strength to develop new products for years. Job made Apple to operate in specific ways that the new CEO may not match. Apple innovative abilities will continue to improve, but will not match Steve Jobs’ standards. Thus, the major challenge for Apple is to redefine itself without Steve Jobs. The mere fact that Apple exists today does not guarantee its future. Consequently, the new CEO must continuously evolve its products, services, and pursue innovative approaches to product development. The CEO has innovator Technology companies require extremely strong leadership provided by Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs developed a long-term strategy for Apple. It is the responsibility of the new CEO to develop and communicate innovation strategies and ensure that employees fulfill them. The new CEO must have the ability to redefine old products and adapt them to the market. The CEO must acknowledge that the technology industry poses some challenges because consumers have tendencies of buying new products based on sophistication. For instance, if a competitor introduces a new product with advance features, then Apple’s fortunes may dwindle quickly. Therefore, Apple must find strong leadership to define its design thinking and innovation for success.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Operational secrecy Steve Jobs maintained utmost secrecy of its next products. Thus, the company managed to set a high bar and increased expectations among competitors and fans alike. The element of surprise is critical in a fast-paced technology industry. Apple has used it to create a strong brand. The company must continue to protect its product, information, and design strategies. Apple must inculcate the culture of secrecy in its corporate culture. The new CEO must emphasize attention to details, secrecy culture, and feedback in order to develop the brand. Secrecy about innovation strategies and product launch does not reflect a lack of transparency to the market or stakeholders, but rather protection of competitive advantage that competitors may find useful. This case study on Issues and Recommendations for Apple was written and submitted by user Taraji Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Tak Essays

Wolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Tak Essays Wolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Tak Essay Wolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Tak Essay Individual Case Analysis Assignment II: â€Å"Wolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-TAK† MGT 400- Monday 6-8:45 Chelsea Glovis a. What is your assessment of Brodsky’s performance? Please be specific. In my opinion, I believe that Brodsky is one of those individuals who is so intelligent his personality and social interactions suffer. Keller and Brodsky have very different approaches to problems, in addition to being different nationalities, this creates many of the problems that they face. Keller looks at problems and goes above and beyond to try and solve them, whereas Brodsky attacks problems with the textbook methodology (analytical) that is not always the best approach, and isn’t sure how to do anything else. For instance, half of their distributers were not attending the annual distributors’ meeting. Brodsky was already gone for the weekend and unreachable at home. Keller and his staff spent the majority of their weekend personally inviting the distributors, jumping through hoops to ensure they felt appreciated by meeting them at airports or railroad stations. After all of their hard work, the attendance was more than doubled, which was critical for the businesses success. Lastly, Brodsky was dealing with a distributor who he had written off as bad debt of 87,000 euro. Keller was encouraging him to meet with the customer and demand the money. Brodsky resisted at first, then finally called the customer and concluded that nothing could be done. Meanwhile Keller took matters into his own hands and drove to meet with the distributor in person and was able to get a check for the whole amount. It seems to me that Brodsky is making the least effort in regards to personal relations, while at the same time thoroughly completing the tasks he was assigned for sales and marketing purposes. Brodsky is failing to see the larger picture and taking into consideration how relationships directly affect business cohesiveness. I think that he may feel threatened by Keller seeing his recent success and feels that since he is older he knows what is best for the company, although that is clearly not the case. Seeing that Brodsky is so analytical by nature, it provided reasoning behind the way he looked at the tasks at hand. I think that Brodsky could have made a much greater effort in resolving problems with distributors/customers, implementing his sales plan, developing a decent relationship with others, and acting as a manager not just an employee. It is crucial for employees below managers to feel comfortable discussing their thoughts and ideas, not scared and nervous. Brodsky does the least amount of work that meets minimum expectations on most areas of work and tasks that are assigned to him. For example, there was a very serious distributors lawsuit filed by one of the firm’s largest distributors that Brodsky was in charge of handling. In dealing with this issue, Brodsky sent a sales representative to work out the problem. Only after the sales representative failed did Brodsky make an effort to personally contact the distributor. Following their discussion, Brodsky determined that the distributors position was unchangeable. Keller knew this would be a huge deficit to the company if they lost this customer and arranged to have a seat next to them on the plane to work things out. After the plane ride the distributor agreed to drop the suit completely, if Brodsky had made more of an effort initially he could have been much more successful. While he does come up with new innovative methods for increasing sales and completing very thorough analysis, he doesn’t work within a realistic deadline. It is imperative to the success of the company to work in a timely manner so that sales can have a quick turnaround and begin to grow. Managers should be motivating to their employees to work hard and do their best, whereas Brodsky hardly communicates with his subordinates and coworkers thus diminishing any chance whatsoever for good, working relationships to be formed. In order to grow as an individual Brodsky needs to use this constructive criticism and feedback to heart instead of arguing each critique, making excuses and blaming others. b. How effective has Keller been as a coach to Brodsky? Why? Could you have done better? Why and How? I feel the Keller has done almost everything he can think of to try and alleviate the current situation with Brodsky. I think that the two men have such differing approaches in solving problems; a lot of tension is created in the office as well as one on one. The majority of the time, Keller takes problems into his own hands and tries to solve them, I would like to have seen him ask Brodsky to go above and beyond. Such as, arranging seats next to a distributor to discuss the lawsuit, personally invite distributors to the convention, and make a home visit to demand payment from a client. While Keller did allow Brodsky to make an effort, I feel that he could have been more successful if he provided Brodsky with ideas to solve these problems. Because Brodsky is so analytical, it is hard for him to think outside of the box. He is so used to strictly going by the rules and regulations he thinks once he has done those methods there is nothing else he can do. Keller needs to take into consideration Brodsky’s personality, problem solving skills, and relationships with others and in the end he will realize why Brodsky is the way he is. He continues to feel like he is never good enough because of the constant negative feedback that he is given. In my opinion critical feedback should be backed with the same amount of positive feedback as to ensure employees don’t feel inadequate and not valued. In some aspects, Keller and Brodsky share similar personality traits. It is a challenge for both of them to see others perspectives and personalities differences. They are both problem solvers; however attack their problems differently. In my opinion Keller has done all he can think of to help motivate Brodsky and for that I think he has been mostly effective. On the other hand, I wish he would understand their differences and realize why Brodsky does things the way he does. I wouldn’t necessarily say that I could do a better job; I would just approach the situation much differently. I have a way of providing critical feedback intermixed with positive feedback, as well as a course of action to fix the problem all in the same sentence. On top of the feedback, I would also include peer feedback as well as voice the concerns that other employees have expressed. I feel it is necessary to break down the feedback and explain why it is important and beneficial to fix these problems and how it will affect the business as a whole. I feel that this would be beneficial to Brodsky so he can take these specific steps to get better and learn from his shortcomings. Also, I would be more understanding of the way Brodsky operates as a whole and determine the best way to help him start to think outside the box to solve problems. I would also provide definite deadlines for tasks that he is assigned to in order to avoid missing deadlines, taking too long, and falling even more behind. I would give him words of advice and encouragement to make him feel appreciated and determined. Instead of immediately taking matters into my own hands as Keller did, I would allow Brodsky the opportunity to use my methods of completing tasks that were tough situations (i. . telling him to make a house call to discuss getting a payment check from a soon to be bankrupt company). Lastly, I would outline specific goals to accomplish for the next few months or until the next review to motivate him, as well as discuss company procedures that must be followed. These procedures would include mannerisms at work (open communication, proper etiquette, a minimum number of social outings that must be attended, etc. ) With clearly established rules, goals and courses of action, there is little room for him to argue his side. c. What are the underlying causes of Brodsky’s performance problems? What actions should Keller take upon returning to Kiev? Be specific. The majority of Brodsky’s performance problems have to do with two different personalities, traits, management styles, ethnicity, and outlook. Keller is a very hands-on, action-oriented guy who takes matters into his own hands when they are not completed exactly as he would have done it. Although he is very personable and loves to share a lot of his personal life with co-workers he has a difficult time putting himself in others’ shoes. Brodsky on the other hand is a very analytical introvert who completes tasks by the tried and true textbook approaches. He has a hard time thinking outside of the box when it comes to personal interactions and relating with others, in addition he doesn’t like to spend a lot of time bonding with co-workers and keeps the vast majority of his personal life to himself. These two completely different, night and day personalities are bound to clash and create bumps in the road that cause discrepancies. On top of all of that, I think that Keller is so concerned with making sure Brodsky understands where he needs improvement that he forgets to provide positive feedback with a plan of action that Brodsky can follow. In addition, their differences in age and methods to solving problems are completely contradicting as well, especially when Brodsky has shared little information about the way he operates. Brodsky has a hard time taking Keller’s feedback because he doesn’t understand what he did wrong and what he was supposed to do instead. Brodsky is very thorough and will take his time to ensure a task is completed to the best of his ability, while Keller is action oriented and wants to see fast results. Brodsky addresses co-workers in a formal demeanor with a distant management style and minimal personal life sharing, which damaged his overall management style. All in all, their overall management styles were to blame for clashing so drastically. I believe if Keller and Brodsky shared the same viewpoints on management styles and approaching tasks Brodsky’s performance report would have very high reviews. Keller should have clearly established due dates for tasks so as to avoid problems with Brodsky taking too long to complete them, explain what business etiquette the company promotes, provide well-defined expectations, goals, and methods to accomplish, and try to see the world from a different light. He must understand that not every individual functions on the same level, manages and accomplishes tasks in the same manner, and remember how different each person is in this world. Developing a friendlier relationship with Brodsky would make it easier for Keller to share how he feels and hopefully he will be able to provide feedback more than just during a performance review. d. What are the implications for Keller’s own development as a leader? Although Keller has had great success at such a young age thus far in his life, he still has a lot of room to grow as a leader. A great leader needs to be sympathetic with their employees and co-workers and do whatever they can to help them grow as individuals and flourish in the world of business. He must remember that each individual is different and not everyone manages with the same style. These differences are what creates diversity in teams and allows for innovative ideas and thorough discussions. Having faith in your employees is a huge part in being a successful manager. When at first they don’t succeed, provide insight, thoughts, ideas, solutions, etc. to continue to show them how to think outside the box. Keller is so concerned with fast results and finishing tasks on his own that he doesn’t give his employees the chance to learn from his methods. In his mind he is being the best leader he can be, meanwhile Brodsky is under the impression that he is being the best employee he can be. Both of them need to reevaluate their situations and how to work more cohesively together with such differing styles and traits. It is imperative that Keller works on giving positive as well as critical feedback, a defined set of goals and deadlines, an action plan to fix areas where his subordinates aren’t performing up to par, and provide constant feedback so his employees don’t go sixth months thinking they are doing an incredible job when in reality he thinks they are slacking.

Statistics Minitab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics Minitab - Assignment Example Then analyse the variability in the designed experiment. Then the results would be interpreted. The paired-t test has been selected because we needed to test whether the two samples had difference means and if these differences were significant. We therefore needed to pair these two samples and test the differences at 95% confidence level. As can be seen, p > .05 therefore the differences are not significant. The chi-square analysis was run for the categorical values as were in the table. The chi-square tested the hypothesis that there is no association between caffeine consumption (column factors) and marital status (raw factors). The results show that the chi-square statistic was 51.656. The p value is < .001 which suggests that we reject the null hypothesis of no association between marital status and caffeine consumption in favour of the alternative that there is indeed an association between them. Thus, marital status affects caffeine consumption. The reason for this association could be attributed to the fact that we had more married participants in the sample and hence the results may be biased towards the same. As can be seen, there were 3029 married participants out of the 3888 participants in total. I recommend that to improve results, same number of samples should be selected from the marital status categories for the

Buy American Requirements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Buy American Requirements - Assignment Example and any form of assembly at the construction site is not considered â€Å"Produced in the United States.† iii) What is not regulated – this category comprises of raw materials other that iron and/or steel, non-manufactured goods that are not either iron or steel, the origin of component and the sub-components parts of manufactured goods, and Loan and Grant Funds that was intended for the purchase of equipment ONLY. iv) Concerning construction bidding and contract documents – advertisement for bids is expected to be funded in whole or part with funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and the use of these funds are applicable only when all the iron, steel, and manufactured goods are produced in the U.S. The contract on information for bidders and supplemental general conditions are also funded in part or whole by ARRA in accordance with Section 1605 of the ARRA (funds are used only if all the iron, steel, and manufactured goods are produced in the US). As was discussed previously, VectorCal is an already established firm that provides security services to governmental departments, the private sector, and individuals through drone navigation. DroveIn is also intended to perform theses duties, in addition to the provision of services that are not available from VectorCal. These services include the development of more user-friendly, wholesome, and affordable drones and the creation of a long-term relationship with the customers using a quantitative model (Deberg, 2011). Just like VectorCal, my company (DroneIn) will most probably develop its drones using iron and steel, and other manufactured items produced in the United States. Thus, these two firms may benefit from the Buy American Requirements in the following ways: 1) They are profit-making organizations and are thus, not impacted by these requirements. This implies that there will be no requirement for the components and

Critical Biodiversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Biodiversity - Essay Example Each of these many species on earth plays a significant role in maintaining of a stable and healthy ecosystem. However, human activities have directly or indirectly led to a major loss of biodiversity and in turn raising questions as to the need of conserving species so as to maintain a stable and healthy environment. Human activities that directly affect biodiversity include deforestation, pollution and overexploitation of natural resources. Indirectly for instance, human activities have led to climate change which negatively affects other species. Since each and every species plays a significant role in maintaining a stable ecosystem, the existence of each species is vital to life. Human being cannot survive without biodiversity as we rely on it directly or indirectly (De Vere, 2008). Directly, most of the plant species are consumed as food and medicine by humans. In addition, all plants play a major role in changing carbon dioxide to oxygen which is vital for human life. Some animal species are also food to humans, and their existence means a continuous food supply. The importances of biodiversity to mankind are just a few to mention. I agree that the loss of a few species may have no profound effect on ecosystem processes, but there is a need to conserve all species for a better and stable environment. Conservation of biodiversity can include actions like restoration of ecosystems, controlled exploitation of natural resources and the requirement to conserve the species among others. In conclusion, humans need biodiversity for survival since diverse species play various roles in maintaining a stable and healthy ecosystem. As a result, they should conserve the species. I agree that just as our comprehension of social equality has expanded throughout history, our familial and social groups have grown in size. Therefore, our inclusion of the environment ought to become a part of our ethical

The mesh generation

The mesh generation Describe general methods (structured, unstructured, hybrid, adaptive, etc.) and discuss their key features and applications A key step of the finite element method for numerical computation is mesh generation. One is given a domain (such as a polygon or polyhedron; more realistic versions of the problem allow curved domain boundaries) and must partition it into simple â€Å"elements† meeting in well-defined ways. There should be few elements, but some portions of the domain may need small elements so that the computation is more accurate there. All elements should be â€Å"well shaped† (which means different things in different situations, but generally involves bounds on the angles or aspect ratio of the elements). One distinguishes â€Å"structured† and â€Å"unstructured† meshes by the way the elements meet; a structured mesh is one in which the elements have the topology of a regular grid. Structured meshes are typically easier to compute with (saving a constant factor in runtime) but may require more elements or worse-shaped elements. Unstructured meshes are often computed using quadtrees, or by Delaunay triangulation of point sets; however there are quite varied approaches for selecting the points to be triangulated The simplest algorithms directly compute nodal placement from some given function. These algorithms are referred to as algebraic algorithms. Many of the algorithms for the generation of structured meshes are descendents of â€Å"numerical grid generation† algorithms, in which a differential equation is solved to determine the nodal placement of the grid. In many cases, the system solved is an elliptic system, so these methods are often referred to as elliptic methods. It is difficult make general statements about unstructured mesh generation algorithms because the most prominent methods are very different in nature. The most popular family of algorithms is those based upon Delaunay triangulation, but other methods, such as quadtree/octree approaches are also used. Delaunay Methods Many of the commonly used unstructured mesh generation techniques are based upon the properties of the Delaunay triangulation and its dual, the Voronoi diagram. Given a set of points in a plane, a Delaunay triangulation of these points is the set of triangles such that no point is inside the circumcircle of a triangle. The triangulation is unique if no three points are on the same line and no four points are on the same circle. A similar definition holds for higher dimensions, with tetrahedral replacing triangles in 3D. Quadtree/Octree Methods Mesh adaptation, often referred to as Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR), refers to the modification of an existing mesh so as to accurately capture flow features. Generally, the goal of these modifications is to improve resolution of flow features without excessive increase in computational effort. We shall discuss in brief on some of the concepts important in mesh adaptation. Mesh adaptation strategies can usually be classified as one of three general types: r-refinement, h-refinement, or p-refinement. Combinations of these are also possible, for example hp-refinement and hr-refinement. We summarise these types of refinement below. r-refinement is the modification of mesh resolution without changing the number of nodes or cells present in a mesh or the connectivity of a mesh. The increase in resolution is made by moving the grid points into regions of activity, which results in a greater clustering of points in those regions. The movement of the nodes can be controlled in various ways. On common technique is to treat the mesh as if it is an elastic solid and solve a system equations (suject to some forcing) that deforms the original mesh. Care must be taken, however, that no problems due to excessive grid skewness arise. h-refinement is the modification of mesh resolution by changing the mesh connectivity. Depending upon the technique used, this may not result in a change in the overall number of grid cells or grid points. The simplest strategy for this type of refinement subdivides cells, while more complex procedures may insert or remove nodes (or cells) to change the overall mesh topology. In the subdivision case, every â€Å"parent cell† is divided into â€Å"child cells†. The choice of which cells are to be divided is addressed below. For every parent cell, a new point is added on each face. For 2-D quadrilaterals, a new point is added at the cell centroid also. On joining these points, we get 4 new â€Å"child cells†. Thus, every quad parent gives rise to four new offsprings. The advantage of such a procedure is that the overall mesh topology remains the same (with the child cells taking the place of the parent cell in the connectivity arrangement). The subdivision process is similar for a triangular parent cell, as shown below. It is easy to see that the subdivision process increases both the number of points and the number of cells A very popular tool in Finite Element Modelling (FEM) rather than in Finite Volume Modelling (FVM), it achieves increased resolution by increasing the order of accuracy of the polynomial in each element (or cell). In AMR, the selction of â€Å"parent cells† to be divided is made on the basis of regions where there is appreciable flow activity. It is well known that in compressible flows, the major features would include Shocks, Boundary Layers and Shear Layers, Vortex flows, Mach Stem , Expansion fans and the like. It can also be seen that each feature has some â€Å"physical signature† that can be numerically exploited. For eg. shocks always involve a density/pressure jump and can be detected by their gradients, whereas boundary layers are always associated with rotationality and hence can be dtected using curl of velocity. In compressible flows, the velocity divergence, which is a measure of compressiblity is also a good choice for shocks and expansions. These sensing paramters which can indicate regions of flow where there are activity are referred to as ERROR INDICATORS and are very popular in AMR for CFD. Just as refinement is possible by ERROR INDICATORS as mentioned above, certain other issues also assume relevance. Error Indicators do detect regions for refinement, they do not actually tell if the resolution is good enough at any given time. In fact the issue is very severe for shocks, the smaller the cell, the higher the gradient and the indicator would keep on picking the region, unless a threshold value is provided. Further, many users make use of conservative values while refining a domain and generally end up in refining more than the essential portion of the grid, though not the complete domain. These refined regions are unneccesary and are in strictest sense, contribute to unneccesary computational effort. It is at this juncture, that reliable and resonable measure of cell error become necessary to do the process of â€Å"coarsening†, which would reduce the above-said unnecessary refinement, with a view towards generatin an â€Å"optimal mesh†. The measures are given by sensors referred to as ERROR ESTIMATORS, literature on which is in abandunce in FEM, though these are very rare in FVM. Control of the refinement and/or coarsening via the error indicators is often undertaken by using either the solution gradient or soultion curvature. Hence the refinement variable coupled with the refinement method and its limits all need to be considered when applying mesh adaptation A hybrid model contains two or more subsurface layers of hexahedral elements. Tetrahedral elements fill the interior. The transition between subsurface hexahedral and interior tetrahedral elements is made using degenerate hexahedral (pyramid) elements. High quality stress results demand high quality elements, i.e., aspect ratios and internal angles as close to 1:1 and 90 °, respectively, as possible. High quality elements are particularly important at the surface. To accommodate features within a component, the quality of elements at the surface of a hexahedral model generally suffers, e.g., they are skewed. Mating components, when node-to-node contact is desired, can also adversely affect the models element quality. Even more difficult is producing a tetrahedral model that contains high quality subsurface elements. In a hybrid model, the hexahedral elements are only affected by the surface mesh, so creating high quality elements is easy. Minimal effort is required to convert CAD data into surface grids using the automated processes of pro-surf. These surface grids are read by pro-am. The surface grid is used to extrude the subsurface hexahedral elements. The thickness of each extruded element is controlled so that high quality elements are generated. The interior is filled automatically with tetrahedral elements. The pyramid elements that make the transition are also generated automatically. A hybrid model will generally contain many more elements than an all-hexahedral model thus increasing analysis run-time. However, the time saved in the model construction phase the more labor intensive phase more than makes up for the increased run-time. Overall project time is reduced considerably. Also, as computing power increases, this â€Å"disadvantage† will eventually disappear. Hexahedral Meshing ANSYS Meshing provides multiple methods to generate a pure hex or hex dominant mesh. Depending on the model complexity, desired mesh quality and type, and how much time a user is able to spend meshing, a user has a scalable solution to generate a quick automatic hex or hex dominant mesh, or a highly controlled hex mesh for optimal solution efficiency and accuracy. Mesh Methods: Automated Sweep meshing Sweepable bodies are automatically detected and meshed with hex mesh when possible Edge increment assignment and side matching/mapping is done automatically Sweep paths found automatically for all regions/bodies in a multibody part Defined inflation is swept through connected swept bodies User can add sizing controls, mapped controls , and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated sweeping Adding/Modifying geometry slices/decomposition to the model also greatly aids in the automation of getting a pure hex mesh. Thin Solid Sweep meshing This mesh method quickly generates a hex mesh for thin solid parts that have multiple faces as source and target. Can be used in conjunction with other mesh methods User can add sizing controls, mapped controls, and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated sweeping MultiZone Sweep meshing This advanced sweeping approach uses automated topology decomposition behind the scenes to attempt to automatically create a pure hex or mostly hex mesh on complicated geometries Decomposed topology is meshed with a mapped mesh or a swept mesh if possible. A user has the option to allow for free mesh in sub-topologies that cant be mapped or swept. Supports multiple source/target selection Defined inflation is swept through connected swept bodies User can add sizing controls, mapped controls and select source faces to modify and take control over the automated meshing Hex-dominant meshing This mesh method uses an unstructured meshing approach to generate a quad dominant surface mesh and then fill it with a hex dominant mesh This approach generally gives nice hex elements on the boundary of a chunky part with a hybrid hex, prism, pyramid, test mesh internally Tetrahedral Meshing The combination of robust and automated surface, inflation and tet meshing using default physics controls to ensure a high-quality mesh suitable for the defined simulation allows for push-button meshing. Local control for sizing, matching, mapping, virtual topology, pinch and other controls provide additional flexibility, if needed. Mesh Methods: Patch conforming mesh method: Bottom-up approach (creates surface mesh, then volume mesh) Multiple triangular surface meshing algorithms are employed behind the scenes to ensure a high quality surface mesh is generated, the first time From that inflation layers can be grown using several techniques The remaining volume is meshed with a Delaunay-Advancing Front approach which combines the speed of a Delaunay approach with the smooth-transitioned mesh of an advancing front approach Throughout this meshing process are advanced size functions that maintain control over the refinement, smoothness and quality of the mesh Patch independent mesh method: Top-down approach (creates volume mesh and extracts surface mesh from boundaries) Many common problems with meshing occur from bad geometry, if the bad geometry is used as the basis to create the surface mesh, the mesh will often be bad (bad quality, connectivity, etc.) The patch independent method uses the geometry only to associate the boundary faces of the mesh to the regions of interest thereby ignoring gaps, overlaps and other issues that give other meshing tools countless problems. Inflation is done as a post step into the volume mesh. Since the volume mesh already exists, collisions and other common problems for inflation are known ahead of time. Note: For volume meshing, a tetrahedral mesh generally provides a more automatic solution with the ability to add mesh controls to improve the accuracy in critical regions. On the contrary, a hexahedral mesh generally provides a more accurate solution, but is more difficult to generate. Shell and Beam Meshing For 2-D planar (axisymmetric), shell and beam models, ANSYS Meshing provides efficient tools for quickly generating a high quality mesh to accurately simplify the physics. Mesh Methods for shell models: Default surface meshing Multiple surface meshing engines are used behind the scenes to provide a robust, automated surface mesh consisting of all quad, quad dominant or all tri surface mesh. User can add sizing controls, and mapped controls to modify and take control over the automated meshing Uniform surface meshing Orthogonal, uniform meshing algorithm that attempts to force an all quad or quad dominant surface mesh that ignores small features to provide optimum control over the edge length Describe key features of ALL existing meshing options in Ansys Mesh module and discuss their applications The meshing tools in ANSYS Workbench were designed to follow some guiding principles: Parametric: Parameters drive system Persistent: Model updates passed through system Highly-automated: Baseline simulation w/limited input Flexible: Able to add additional control w/out complicating the workflow Physics aware: Key off physics to automate modelling and simulation throughout system Adaptive architecture: Open system that can be tied to a customers process CAD neutral, meshing neutral, solver neutral, etc. By integrating best in class meshing technology into a simulation driven workflow, ANSYS Meshing provides a next generation meshing solution.

Comparing the American Dream of The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Nigh

  Ã‚   When the first settlers came to America many years ago, they found freedom and opportunity.   With hard work and determination an average man or woman could be prosperous.   This concept was not only revolutionary in theory, but has proven to be true for many successful individuals. This idea has come to be known as the American Dream. Its foundation was based on good ethics; however, with the passing of time it has become distorted.   The American Dream no longer stands for equal opportunity and hard work; it involves wealth, false happiness, materialistic possessions and high social status.   Individuals who have achieved the materialistic American Dream give the appearance of perfection.   However, for many, their lives are not as ideal as what they seem.   Issues such as sexual abuse, mental illness, alcoholism, adultery, greed and restlessness, affect the lives of even those who appear to live the American Dream.   In F. Scott Fitzgerald?s novels, The Grea t Gatsby and Tender is the Night, the characters Daisy Buchanan and Nicole Diver give the appearance of a charmed existence, but it is in fact flawed. Their apparently perfect but actually flawed lives are shown in their childhood, their marriages, their adult lives and their past relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Daisy Buchanan was raised in a wealthy American family, and had the appearance of a perfect upbringing.   In reality, Daisy did live a ? white? (The Great Gatsby 20) childhood, pure and innocent.   In fact, her childhood was so ideal that even her friend, Jordan Baker commented, The largest of the banners and the largest of the lawns belonged to Daisy Fay?s house.   She was just eighteen, two years older than me [Jordan], and by far the most popular of all the young gir... ... what novel to look up.   Also, page number does not need the (p.). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you are using a quote four lines or longer, the quote should be separated from your text by indenting each line of the quote. The quote then does not need quotation marks. The indentation is enough to signal a quote. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your thesis statement should be more detailed.   List exactly what you are going to discuss within your paper.   You have paragraphs concerning, Nicole and Daisy?s childhood, their marriage, their adult life and their past relationships.   All of these should be included in your thesis statement.   Their apparently perfect but actually flawed lives are shown in their childhood, their marriages, their adult lives and their past relationships.   This way, your reader will know what to expect from your paper.   Overall you have a strong paper that is well organized.